Title : Discourse Analysis In Social Media
Author : Delia Oprea
International
Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on the Dialogue between Sciences &
Arts, Religion & Education.
Publication : 2019
Abstract :
Texts,
language, communication should always be considered in their social context.
Texts do not merely passively report upon the world, but they imbue it with
meaning, shape perspectives and call the world into being. The relationship
between text and ideology, and between the author and reader, appears to have
changed because of the opportunities of public communication that have been
extended by social media applications such as Twitter, Facebook, and blogs. Is
also clear that new methods are required for data collection, as content takes
new forms, and forms of design, images, and data has to be integrated with
language much more in online than in offline. We use the term social media to
refer to “Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and
technological foundations of Web 2.0”, where Web 2.0 means that “content and
applications are no longer created and published by individuals, but instead
are continuously modified by all users in a participatory and collaborative
fashion” (Kaplan & Haenlein, 2010). The aim of our research is to take into
discussion different ways of approaching discourse analysis in this new online
environment. Despite the large variety of platforms, some characteristics are
common to many of them. Even if processes and structures of the public are
subjects to change, the forms of discourse may be one of common points. Whilst
the perspective on the system is one important aspect, another aspect is the
perspective on the users who create the content.
Goals :
To
seek out new models that are required to address how the technologies
themselves come to shape the nature of content and discourse.
Problems :
“My
definition of discourse genre shall be minimalist: an array of collective,
pre-, extra- and intradiscursive frames, built by the
elaboration-interpretation of statements” (Paveau, 2013 :7-30). Therefore,
Paveau does not separate the intralinguistic manifestations from the
extralinguistic constraints, as the French researcher sees an online
“continuum” between the linguistic material, as the intralinguistic
manifestation and the extra discursive that considers the discursive context,
instead of a distinction or opposition between the two dimensions. Paveau’s
viewpoint is an integrative, non-dualist or post-dualist one. Thus, the
Internet is viewed as a technolinguistic ecosystem. Taking the same direction
proposed by the French researcher, we attempt at distinguishing a series a
discourse technolinguistic features that must be considered when they intersect
the online environment
Theories :
Discourse
can be considered as an 'active relation to reality' (Fairclough, 1992, p. 41).
Fairclough (2003, p.26) has delineated three features of discourse that
describe its operation within social life, as 'part of the action.' These are:
(a) genres (ways of acting), (b) discourses (ways of representing), (c) styles
(ways of being). Discourses can be analysed by taking into consideration three
steps: production, form and reception.
Consequently,
Paveau (2012/2015) proposes the analysis of various aspects of the so-called
“sensitivities” of online native discourses, because they require
epistemological precautions and undoubtedly entail the preservation of data
integrity/wholeness, impose the analysis of the subtle way in which producers
and receptors (we might add) perceive the dimension of discourses in terms of
public and private.
Methods :
The
working corpora in the case of online discourse analysis consider the
positioning of the one analysing them against the analysed object. The way the
researcher positions him-/herself against his/her study object may differ.
Departing from the exterior observation, participative objectivation, even
immersion, the analysing eye should nevertheless practise that discursive form,
at least in what concerns the online environment. Let us explain our position:
an entirely exterior analysis could not foresee, prevent or even control the
interpretation of the techno-language, as long as it does not know it. Because
techno-language no longer offers itself to the specialist as it did on paper,
but it is written and rewritten along with the presentation, presence and
“passage” through the online.
Findings :
When
it comes to social media and online environment discursive analysis in general,
the working corpora wholeness is an extremely important criterion to consider.
A complete perspective cannot be spoken of as long as the language composed of
written and spoken words (videos, lives) is simply “extracted” from the
environment it was formulated in order to finds meanings. Four
techno-discursive features are worth considering, according to Marie-Anne
Paveau (2012) when the analysis object is the online discourse, for instance
the blog, social media, commercial, administrative or institutional websites
discourse: (1) delinearization , (2) development or extension, (3)
technogenericity and (4) plurisemiotics.
Conclusion :
In
the social networks, more than in any other discursive environments, there is
no statement by itself that might be extracted and analysed by itself. From
this perspective, the decontextualized statement could be a theoretical and
methodological nonsense, because it does not correspond to the reality of a
statement produced or interpreted within the reality of the sociodigital
exchanges.
References :
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