Listening Diary III

Website	Audio Name	Level/Other information
BBC Learning English https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-aLUbUMVYAc	Why does seeing someone yawn make you yawn?

Summary

Yawning is actually a difficult case when it comes to these contagious behaviors. It is the most contagious behavior – it’s meant to be automatic, it’s something that you can’t stop. The research discovered that contagious yawning is connected with our social group and how close we feel to the people in it. So, essentially, yawning is more contagious if we identify with the person who yawns first. If we feel close to, and belong in, the same group as the person who exhibits the behavior – the person who does the yawning – we are likely to yawn too.

Vocabulary:

1. Exhibit

2. To yawn

3. Cognitive

Questions	Yes	No	Maybe
The speed was OK.
The vocabulary was OK
The pronunciation was OK
This helped my listening skills
I think my listening skills are improving

I need to improve (please underline all that apply): listening  to main ideas/ listening to details/ listening to numbers/ listening to fast speech/ listening to connected speech/ listening for a long time/ listening to other accents/ my vocabulary/ my pronunciation.

Listening Diary II

Website	Audio Name	Level/Other information
Vox https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P27HRClMf2U	What face masks actually do against coronavirus

Summary:

Face masks do very well by limit how far away from your respiratory particles can travel. The experts agree especially to fight against COVID-19: if you are sick, and you leave the house, you should wear a face mask, because it keeps your germs in. The first thing you need to know is that no mask can actually guarantee that you won't get sick. Instead, the best way to think about face masks is as part of a larger set of protective measures, along with social distancing and hand-washing. Used together they don't protect you completely but, they dramatically lower your odds of infection. Face masks highlight something important in the fight against COVID-19. That it isn't always about protecting yourself. It is about protecting people around you and if everyone is doing it, we all protect each other.

Vocabulary

1. Contagious

2. Germs

3. Symptoms

4. Surgical

What activities did you do? What scores did you get?

Before I watched the video, I have already read some articles related to COVID-19.

Questions	Yes	No	Maybe
The speed was OK.
The vocabulary was OK
The pronunciation was OK
This helped my listening skills
I think my listening skills are improving

I need to improve (please underline all that apply): listening  to main ideas/ listening to details/ listening to numbers/ listening to fast speech/ listening to connected speech/ listening for a long time/ listening to other accents/ my vocabulary/ my pronunciation.

Listening Diary I

Website	Audio Name	Level/Other information
BBC Learning English https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tcf1dbiWKsk	How resilient are you? Listen to 6 Minute English

Summary

Resilience is the ability to cope with difficult situations or improve quickly after an illness or injury. It is a useful trait to have, and it’s something that can help you deal with many difficult situations from coping with the pressures of work to handling the death of a loved one. Resilience could be learned and something that we learn when we need to.

Vocabulary: What words did you learn?

1.  Resilience
2.  Resilient
 3. Manifest
4. Adversity

What activities did you do? What scores did you get?

I watched the video and read an article related to resilience. From the article, I realized that resilience is a very useful ability and is needed by humans. This ability makes humans able to "survive" in facing any situation.

Questions	Yes	No	Maybe
The speed was OK.
The vocabulary was OK
The pronunciation was OK
This helped my listening skills
I think my listening skills are improving

I need to improve (please underline all that apply): listening  to main ideas/ listening to details/ listening to numbers/ listening to fast speech/ listening to connected speech/ listening for a long time/ listening to other accents/ my vocabulary/ my pronunciation.

The Article

Discourse Analysis

Wahyu Putra Pradana

Wahyuputra.2018@student.uny.ac.id

A.    Introduction :

Most of the work done in a library is to analyze discourse and serve as a research method. The two main points of discourse analysis are linguistic-based analysis (such as conversation,), and cultural or social-based discursive practices. This paper will discuss more broadly about discourse analysis in the field of linguistics and anything related to discourse analysis.

B.     Literature Review

1.      What is Discourse and Discourse Analysis?

“Among sociolinguists, the term ‘discourse’ is generally used to refer to stretches of spoken or written language which extend beyond an utterance or a sentence.” Discourse Analysis and provides a tool for sociolinguists to identify the norms of talk among different social and cultural groups in different conversational and institutional contexts, and to describe the discursive resources people use in constructing different social identities in interaction.”

2.      Discourse and Language

The first family of discourse analysis (illustrated in Version 1 above) centers principally on what Brown and Yule (1983) call “transactional language.” Language used in such a situation is primarily “message-oriented.” “In primarily transactional language we assume that what the speaker (or writer) has primarily in mind is the effi cient transference of information” (Brown & Yule, 1983, p. 2). Conversations are the most frequently occurring kinds of this language use. For the most part, conversations are structured by both (all) speakers so that they can be taken literally. There may be additional conceits, such as sarcasm or irony, but even those are context bound so that they can be readily understood. Suppose two people are conversing and a portion of their exchange is as follows:

A:Did you hear what he said?

B:Yeah, but I don’t buy it.

A:I don’t know; he seemed to know what he’s talking about.

B:Yeah, right.

It would be diffi cult for native English speakers in today’s American society to assume that B is actually agreeing with A. At work is what Grice calls “conversational implicature” (1989, p. 26); the conversational context determines the meaning of some words, so “Yeah, right” in the above example is not taken as literal information.

3.      Pragmatics

Many  linguists  propose  various  definitions  of  pragmatics.  Yule  (1998:  3) defines  pragmatics  as  the  study  that  concerns  with  the  meaning  communicated  by  a  speaker  (or  writer)  and  interpreted  by  a  listener  (reader)

4.      Ethnography of Speaking

Ethnography of speaking, is the analysis of communication within the wider context of the social and cultural practices and beliefs of the members of a particular culture or speech community. It comes from ethnographic research. It is a method of discourse analysis in linguistics that draws on the anthropological field of ethnography. Unlike ethnography proper, though, EOS takes into account both the communicative form, which may include but is not limited to spoken language, and its function within the given culture.

5.      Interactional Sociolinguistics

Possible emphasis on:

¡ Interpreting  speaker intentions based on not only linguistic clues/cues but also non-linguistic context

¡ “The interactional sociolinguist also tries to make explicit the presuppositions and background knowledge that people use to interpret utterances in context.  In doing so the concept of a schema or frame is often useful.”

6.      Conversational Analysis

1. Conversational analysis looks at ordinary everyday spoken discourse and aims to understand, from a fine- grained analysis of the conversation, how people manage their interactions.

2. It also looks at how social relations are developed through the use of spoken discourse (Paltridge,2006:106).

3. Conversation Analysis (commonly abbreviated as CA) is an approach to the study of social interaction, embracing both verbal and non-verbal conduct, in situations of everyday life.

4. As its name implies, CA began with a focus on casual but its methods were subsequently adapted to embrace more task- and institution-centered interactions, such as those occurring in doctors' offices, courts, law enforcement, educational settings, and the mass media.

7. Critical Discourse Analysis

Explores the connections between the use of language  and the social and political contexts in which it occurs.It explores issues such as gender, ethnicity, cultural difference,  ideology and identity and how these are both constructed and reflected in texts.

C.     Conclusion

The discussion here focuses broadly on discourse analysis in the field of linguistics and anything related to discourse analysis. As noted, there are 7 things related to discourse analysis. In each of these cases each has a role.

D.    References

Holmes, Janet. 2008.  An Introduction to Sociolinguistics, 3rd edition. Harlow, England: Pearson Education, Ltd., pp. 378-279.

George Yule-The Study of Language-Cambridge University Press (2010)

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325696022_Discourse_Analysis

Journal Review III

Title     : A Discourse Analysis of SBY’s International Speech Text : A study on Critical  Linguistics

Author : Anggara Jatu Kusumawati

Journal : University of Islam Indonesia

Publication : Vol 5, No 1 : June 2011

Abstract          :

President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) image building can be represented through many ways, one of them reflected on his international speeches. On this way, argumentation phases in the speeches can form social construct, self image, public opinion, new meaning and world-view. Based on critical linguistic point of view, word choice, sentence arrangement, and sentence pattern on speeches show a language expertise. This research aims at describing grammar used of SBY international speeches related with self image building. This research uses critical linguistics approach proposed by Fowler (1979) via Young and Harrison (2004: 3) which focuses on two metafunctions of Systemic Functional Linguistics Halliday, ideational and textual function. The source of data are nine texts of SBY's international speech in the year of 2011 chosen based on some criteria; updated topics, variation of topics, and abundant data. Then, data are chosen, noted, and identified based on formulation of the problems. On data analysis, Norman Fairclough framework applied in analyzing the data. Based on limitation of Halliday's metafunction, only were two levels chosen; textual analysis and social practice analysis. Besides, relevant studies were done to get detail and complete explanation. Based on data analysis, the result that can be emphasized is the grammar seen from word choice, clause and sentence element, figures of speech, pattern of clause change are means to convey new meaning based on who is the speaker and psychological effect shown to listeners. Thus, it can reveal the speaker purpose extensively and help to describe argumentative phase on speeches. Those three results of research are efforts to build SBY self image on language expertise. On this way, SBY can attract sympathy, therefore international cooperation can run smoothly.

Goals :

This research aims at describing the grammar used of SBY international speeches related to self-image building.

Problems :  

The use of grammar that describes how the words linked in intent and specific purpose. Word choice and the sentence formation have strongly influenced the meaning conveyed.

Theories :

This discourse analysis on SBY's international speech text uses critical theory of Linguistics expressed by Fowler (1979) in Young and Harrison (2004: 3) which focuses on two functions of Halliday's SFL; ideational function and textual function.

Fowler (1979) in Young and Harrison (2004: 3) connects SFL and Critical Discourse Analysis emphasizing that ideology can be mediated linguistically.

Fowler (1981: 29-32) says that lingual units of language and control express and construct ideology.

Methods :

This research consists of three phases, 1) collecting data, describing the method and technique used, 2) data analysis, describing process and data analysis, and 3) research results description.

Findings :

Data source in this research is an English speech text addressed by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyoo on international occasion in 2011 on April 8 at 'Fifteenth ASEAN Finance Ministers GCO Meeting'.

Conclusion :

The use of grammar based on choice of word, clause arrangement, and figure of speech are the ways to expose certain meaning based on who is the speaker and the effect to the listeners. The changes patterns of clause and sentence can be changed, exchanged, omitted, added, combined with other clauses and rearranged. A stress on the part of sentence which can be in the form of lexical meaning changes, sentence focus changes, psychological effect affected from the use of grammar can expose speaker's intention well and help to express the argumentation phase in the speech. The proficiency in using grammar gives more impression and form self image to international audience.

References :

Eriyanto. 2009. Analisis Wacana. Yogyakarta: LKiS.

Fowler, R. (1981). Literature as Social Discourse: The Practice of Linguistics

Criticism. London: Batsford Academic and Educational Ltd.

Fowler, R. (1986). Linguistic Criticism. New York: Oxford University Press.

Keraf, G. (2009). Diksi dan Gaya Bahasa. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Umum.

Titscher, S., Mayer, M., Wodak, R., & Vetter, E. (2009). Metode Analisis Teks dan

Wacana. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Young L. & Harrison, C. (2004). Systemic Functional Linguistics and Critical

Discourse Analysis. London: Continuum.

Young, L. & Fitzgerald, B. (2006). The Power of Language: How discourse

influences society. London: Equinox Publishing Ltd.

https://journal.uii.ac.id/JEE/article/view/4454/3939

Journal Review II

Title                 : Discourse Analysis In Social Media

Author             : Delia Oprea

International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference on the Dialogue between Sciences & Arts, Religion & Education.

Publication      : 2019

Abstract          :

Texts, language, communication should always be considered in their social context. Texts do not merely passively report upon the world, but they imbue it with meaning, shape perspectives and call the world into being. The relationship between text and ideology, and between the author and reader, appears to have changed because of the opportunities of public communication that have been extended by social media applications such as Twitter, Facebook, and blogs. Is also clear that new methods are required for data collection, as content takes new forms, and forms of design, images, and data has to be integrated with language much more in online than in offline. We use the term social media to refer to “Internet-based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0”, where Web 2.0 means that “content and applications are no longer created and published by individuals, but instead are continuously modified by all users in a participatory and collaborative fashion” (Kaplan & Haenlein, 2010). The aim of our research is to take into discussion different ways of approaching discourse analysis in this new online environment. Despite the large variety of platforms, some characteristics are common to many of them. Even if processes and structures of the public are subjects to change, the forms of discourse may be one of common points. Whilst the perspective on the system is one important aspect, another aspect is the perspective on the users who create the content.

Goals               :

To seek out new models that are required to address how the technologies themselves come to shape the nature of content and discourse.

Problems         :

“My definition of discourse genre shall be minimalist: an array of collective, pre-, extra- and intradiscursive frames, built by the elaboration-interpretation of statements” (Paveau, 2013 :7-30). Therefore, Paveau does not separate the intralinguistic manifestations from the extralinguistic constraints, as the French researcher sees an online “continuum” between the linguistic material, as the intralinguistic manifestation and the extra discursive that considers the discursive context, instead of a distinction or opposition between the two dimensions. Paveau’s viewpoint is an integrative, non-dualist or post-dualist one. Thus, the Internet is viewed as a technolinguistic ecosystem. Taking the same direction proposed by the French researcher, we attempt at distinguishing a series a discourse technolinguistic features that must be considered when they intersect the online environment

Theories           :

Discourse can be considered as an 'active relation to reality' (Fairclough, 1992, p. 41). Fairclough (2003, p.26) has delineated three features of discourse that describe its operation within social life, as 'part of the action.' These are: (a) genres (ways of acting), (b) discourses (ways of representing), (c) styles (ways of being). Discourses can be analysed by taking into consideration three steps: production, form and reception.

Consequently, Paveau (2012/2015) proposes the analysis of various aspects of the so-called “sensitivities” of online native discourses, because they require epistemological precautions and undoubtedly entail the preservation of data integrity/wholeness, impose the analysis of the subtle way in which producers and receptors (we might add) perceive the dimension of discourses in terms of public and private.

Methods          :

The working corpora in the case of online discourse analysis consider the positioning of the one analysing them against the analysed object. The way the researcher positions him-/herself against his/her study object may differ. Departing from the exterior observation, participative objectivation, even immersion, the analysing eye should nevertheless practise that discursive form, at least in what concerns the online environment. Let us explain our position: an entirely exterior analysis could not foresee, prevent or even control the interpretation of the techno-language, as long as it does not know it. Because techno-language no longer offers itself to the specialist as it did on paper, but it is written and rewritten along with the presentation, presence and “passage” through the online.

Findings          :

When it comes to social media and online environment discursive analysis in general, the working corpora wholeness is an extremely important criterion to consider. A complete perspective cannot be spoken of as long as the language composed of written and spoken words (videos, lives) is simply “extracted” from the environment it was formulated in order to finds meanings. Four techno-discursive features are worth considering, according to Marie-Anne Paveau (2012) when the analysis object is the online discourse, for instance the blog, social media, commercial, administrative or institutional websites discourse: (1) delinearization , (2) development or extension, (3) technogenericity and (4) plurisemiotics.  

Conclusion      :

In the social networks, more than in any other discursive environments, there is no statement by itself that might be extracted and analysed by itself. From this perspective, the decontextualized statement could be a theoretical and methodological nonsense, because it does not correspond to the reality of a statement produced or interpreted within the reality of the sociodigital exchanges.

References         :

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336499408_DISCOURSE_ANALYSIS_IN_SOCIAL_MEDIA/fulltext/5da3c93f299bf116fea49dff/DISCOURSE-ANALYSIS-IN-SOCIAL-MEDIA.pdf?origin=searchReact&_iepl%5BgeneralViewId%5D=DMOnQqojgyQQ4ygal0TJErGHDiSJfZyVD3zu&_iepl%5Bcontexts%5D%5B0%5D=searchReact&_iepl%5BviewId%5D=q6KDFEDfyeb40t620rgXxC0BswUHJ5RhRin8&_iepl%5BsearchType%5D=publication&_iepl%5Bdata%5D%5BcountLessEqual20%5D=1&_iepl%5Bdata%5D%5BinteractedWithPosition17%5D=1&_iepl%5Bdata%5D%5BwithEnrichment%5D=1&_iepl%5Bposition%5D=17&_iepl%5BrgKey%5D=PB%3A336499408&_iepl%5BinteractionType%5D=publicationDownload